NUMBER THEORY

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Number theory is a branch of mathematics which helps to study the set of positive whole numbers, say 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,. . . , which are also called the set of natural numbers and sometimes called “higher arithmetic”.

Number theory helps to study the relationships between different sorts of numbers. Natural numbers are separated into a variety of times. Here are some of the familiar and unfamiliar examples with quick number theory introduction.

Introduction to Number Theory

In number theory, the numbers are classified into different types, such as natural numbers, whole numbers, complex numbers, and so on. The sub-classifications of the natural number are given below:

• Odd Numbers – 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19…..
• Even Numbers – 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 . . .
• Square Numbers – 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100 . . .
• Cube Numbers – 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512 . . .
• Prime Numbers – 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,53, 59, 61 . . .
• Composite Numbers – 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16,18, 20, 21, 22, 24 . . .
• 1 (modulo 4) Numbers – 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, . . .
• 3 (modulo 4) Numbers – 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, . . .
• Triangular Numbers – 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45,. . .
• Perfect Numbers – 6, 28, 496, 8128, . . .
• Fibonacci Numbers -  1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. . .

Many of these types of numbers like odd, even, square, cube prime and composite numbers are already familiar to you. Other cases, such as the “modulo 4” numbers, Triangular numbers, perfect numbers and Fibonacci numbers are not familiar to you.

Number Theory Topics

Even Numbers: The numbers that are evenly divided by 2 are called even numbers.

Odd Numbers: The numbers that are not evenly divided by 2 are called odd numbers.

Square Numbers: A number multiplied by itself is called square numbers

Cube Numbers: A number multiplied by itself 3 times is called cube numbers.

Prime numbers: If a number has only two factors: 1 and the number is called prime numbers

Co Prime Numbers: Two numbers are called co prime numbers, if the highest common factor between the two is 1.

Composite Numbers: Composite number has more than two factors. The composite numbers are numbers which are not prime numbers. The number 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Modulo 4 Numbers: A number is said to be 1 (modulo 4 ) number if it leaves a remainder 1 when divided by 4.Similarly, if a number leaves a remainder 3 when divided by 4, it is said to be 3 (modulo 4) number.

Triangular Numbers: A number is said to be a triangular number when that number of pebbles can be arranged in a triangle using one pebble at the top, two pebbles in next row, three pebbles in next row and so on.

Fibonacci Numbers: Fibonacci numbers are created starting with 1 and 1, then get the next number in the list and adds the previous two numbers. Say, 1+1 =2 and then add 1+2 you get 3, then adds 2+3 gives 5, then 3+5 gives 8 and so on.

Cardinal and ordinal numbers - A Cardinal Number is a number that says how many of something there are, such as one, two, three, four, five. An Ordinal Number is a number that tells the position of something in a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc. Most ordinal numbers end in "th" except for: one ⇒ first (1st)